Etta James (born
Jamesetta Hawkins, January 25, 1938) is an American , , (R&B), , , and singer. In the 1950s and 1960s, she had her biggest success as a blues and R&B singer. She is best known for her version of the and song "", and for "", for which she claims she wrote the lyrics.[SUP]
[1]
[/SUP]
James was born and brought up in Los Angeles by a series of caregivers. At the age of five she received vocal training at her local Baptist Church choir where she became a popular singer. By the age of 14 she had formed a doo-wop group, and under the name the Peaches they recorded "" which reached #1 on the rhythm and blues charts in 1955. A follow-up, "Good Rockin' Daddy", was also a hit. In 1960, James signed a recording contract with , a subsidiary label to , and released her two most acclaimed albums, and . She has continued to record and perform, releasing 30 albums and 58 singles, though due to her heroin addiction during the 60s and 70s, her output was erratic. She kicked the habit in 1974, and slowly rebuilt her career, playing at small clubs and music festivals, then opening for the in the mid 80s, before releasing her first album on a major label for seven years in 1989.
The Seven Year Itch caught the attention of the music industry and she began receiving major industry awards from the and the .[SUP]
[2][/SUP]
In recent years, she has been seen as bridging the gap between rhythm and blues and rock and roll. ranked James number twenty-two on their list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time and number sixty-two on the list of the 100 Greatest Artists.[SUP]
[3][/SUP][SUP]
[4][/SUP] James has a vocal range.[SUP]
[5][/SUP] James is the winner of six Grammys and seventeen . She was inducted into the in 1993, the in 2001, and the in both 1999 and 2008.[SUP]
[6][/SUP] On December 16 2011, it was announced that James was terminally ill with cancer.[SUP]
[7][/SUP]
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1 Early life & career: 1938–1959
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[h=2][] Early life & career: 1938–1959[/h][TABLE="class: metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove"]
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Jamesetta Hawkins was born January 25, 1938 in , to Dorothy Hawkins, who was 14 years old at the time, and an unknown father, who was possibly white.[SUP]
[8][/SUP] James speculated that her father was the pool player, , and met him briefly in 1987.[SUP]
[9][/SUP] The young James was brought up by a series of caregivers, initially the owners of the boarding house where she lived, "Sarge" and "Mama" Lu, as her flirtatious mother spent little time at home raising her daughter, and was nicknamed by James, "the Mystery Lady".[SUP]
[8][/SUP] James received her first professional vocal training at the age of five from James Earle Hines, musical director of the Echoes of Eden choir, at the St. Paul Baptist Church in Los Angeles. She became a popular singing attraction at the church, and Sarge tried to pressure the church into paying him money for her singing, but they refused. During drunken poker games at home, he would wake James up in the early hours of the morning and force her through beatings to sing for his friends. As she was a bed-wetter, and often soaked with her own urine on these occasions, the trauma of being forced to sing meant she had a life-long reluctance to sing on demand.[SUP]
[10][/SUP]
In 1950 Mama Lu died, and James' real mother took her to the Fillmore district in ,[SUP]
[11][/SUP] where she formed a singing group, the Creolettes, with two other girls. When the girls were 14,[SUP][][/SUP] they met bandleader . There are at least two versions of how met Etta James. Otis' version is that she came to his hotel room after one of his performances in and persuaded him to audition her.[SUP][][/SUP] Another frequently told story is that Otis spotted the girls performing in an L.A. nightclub, and, having conceived of an "answer song" to 's "", arranged with the for Modern Records to record the song with the trio, now called the Peaches.[SUP][][/SUP] Otis particularly liked the song and, without her mother's permission,[SUP][][/SUP] the Peaches recorded it in Los Angeles in 1954. The song was released in 1955 on the label as "". , a Los Angeles doo-wop luminary, is featured on some of the group's records.[SUP][][/SUP]
"The Wallflower" reached #1 on the rhythm and blues charts in February 1955.[SUP]
[12][/SUP] The first time she was recorded in studio, they used the first take she recorded,[SUP][][/SUP] and it became #1 on the "Top 100" songs in the nation.[SUP][][/SUP] Royalties from "The Wallflower" were divided among Ballard, James and Otis.[SUP][][/SUP] Its huge success attracted the attention of the world, resulting in James going on tour with in 1956.[SUP]
[13][/SUP]
Soon after the song's success, James left the Peaches. She continued to record and release albums throughout much of the decade, and enjoyed more success. Her follow-up, "Good Rockin' Daddy", became another hit in the fifties. Other songs however, such as "Tough Lover" and "W-O-M-A-N" failed to gain any significant success. In addition to Little Richard, James toured with in the fifties and has cited Watson as the most significant influence on her style.[SUP][][/SUP]
[h=2][] The Chess years: 1960–1978[/h]In 1960, James signed a recording contract with , on their subsidiary label, (she later also recorded for their other subsidiary label, ). James began her relationship with the label with five major hits, first with a pair of duets with singer, ; "If I Can't Have You" and "". She had her first major solo hit with the R&B-styled tune, "All I Could Do is Cry". The song rose in the ,[SUP]
[14][/SUP] peaking at #2 in 1960. This was followed by the Top 5 R&B hit, "My Dearest Darling" the same year. Around the same time, James also sang background vocals on 's hit, "".[SUP]
[15][/SUP] That same year, James released her debut album on Chess entitled,
At Last!, which featured all of James' hits between 1960 and 1961, and also included a few standards, such as 's "", "", and "". The album showed James' varied choice in music.[SUP]
[16][/SUP]
Chess Records' head producer, , imagined James as a classic ballad stylist who had potential to cross over onto the pop charts. Chess began backing James on her recording sessions with violins and other string instruments, which was first heard on her 1961 hit, "At Last".[SUP]
[14][/SUP] The song went to #2 on the Billboard R&B chart in 1961, and also peaked at #47 on the Billboard Pop Chart, ultimately becoming her signature song. Although it wasn't as successful as expected on the pop charts, it did become the most remembered version of the song.[SUP]
[15][/SUP] In 1961, James had another major hit with "Trust in Me," which also featured string instruments.[SUP]
[14][/SUP] Also in 1961, James released a second studio album, . The album took the same direction as her previous album, covering many jazz and pop standards, and using strings on many of the songs. The album spawned a Top 15 hit, "The Fool That I Am" and a minor hit on the pop chart, "Don't Cry Baby."[SUP]
[17][/SUP]
In 1962, James had three major hits, beginning with the -inspired, "Something's Got a Hold on Me," which peaked at #4 on the R&B chart, and also reached the Pop Top 40.[SUP]
[18][/SUP] Another single, "Stop the Wedding" followed and reached #6.[SUP]
[15][/SUP] In 1963, James cut and released her first live album,
, recorded at the New Era Club in .[SUP]
[14][/SUP] In the same year, James had another Top 10 R&B hit with "Pushover," which also made the Pop Top 25, and was ultimately one of her two biggest Billboard hits on the Hot 100. "Pushover" also hit #11 on influential pop music station in New York during May 1963. It was followed by two other singles that year that were minor hits on the pop chart, "Pay Back" and "Two Sides (To Every Story)." That year she released her third album,
Etta James Top Ten. Within the next year, James scored another Top 10 hit with "Loving You More Each Day" (which also reached #65 on the pop chart) and had a Top 40 hit with "."[SUP]
[15][/SUP]
In the mid-1960s, James began to battle a addiction, which would last up until 1974. For years, James would spend much time in and out of Los Angeles' Tarzana Psychiatric Hospital.[SUP]
[15][/SUP] She began recording again in 1967 with guitarist Paul C. Saenz, and achieved her biggest hit in years, "Tell Mama," which reached the R&B Top 10 and #23 on the Hot 100. An album of the same name, produced by at his then-hot Fame studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, also featured a rendition of 's song, "Security" which peaked at #11 on the R&B chart.[SUP]
[19][/SUP] Although she wasn't as successful as she had been, James remained a large concert attraction. She continued to have R&B Top 40 hits up until the mid 1970s, with "Loser Weepers" (an album of the same name was released in 1971) and then with "I Found a Love" in 1972.[SUP]
[15][/SUP]
James released an eponymous album in 1973 that spawned two minor hits. Produced by Gabriel Mekler, who had previously worked with Steppenwolf and Janis Joplin, the album musically was an ambitious mix of soul, blues, jazz and rock and it was nominated for a Grammy award the following year.[SUP]
[19][/SUP] Mekler produced a follow-up album called "Out On The Street Again" in 1974. Again critically acclaimed, this also produced only minor hits.
Despite the death of Leonard Chess, James recorded for the label up until 1978, and began using more -based songs in her albums.[SUP]
[14][/SUP] She released her final two albums for Chess in 1978,
Etta Is Betta Than Evah and
Deep in the Night.[SUP]
[19][/SUP] That year, James also opened tour dates in the United States for and also played at the Montreal Jazz Festival.[SUP]
[15][/SUP]
[h=2][] Later career: 1988–1999[/h]
Etta James in 1990
For seven years during the 1980s James' career stalled, with the exception of the song, "You Want More", which was featured in an episode of the hit TV series, . However, by 1989 she made her comeback with an album,
Seven Year Itch, released by ; her first recording contract in that span of time. James found a way to bring back her older raw sound she had used on previous albums.[SUP]
[18][/SUP] The album was produced by keyboardist , and was recorded at 's famous , where James had recorded previous major hits, such as "". The album also helped James reunite with producer , who worked on her 1978 release,
Deep in the Night, and also produced many of 's records.[SUP]
[15][/SUP] James released a subsequent album in 1989 on Island records entitled,
Stickin' to My Guns, where she once again recorded at the Muscle Shoals recording studio.[SUP]
[19][/SUP] The same year, James also collaborated with rap artist Def Jef for the song and hip hop dance classic "Droppin Rhymes on Drums". This record not only bridged the gap between the jazz musician and hip hop artist but also triggered the hip hop style of dance made popular by the Soul Brothers Dance Group during the golden era of hip hop from 1988 to 1994.[SUP][][/SUP]
In 1992, was released on , where she again worked with Jerry Wexler. James was inducted into the , in 1993.[SUP]
[12][/SUP] James then released a tribute album in 1993,
Mystery Lady: Songs of Billie Holiday dedicated to one of her musical inspirations, . The album was her first album for the label,[SUP]
[18][/SUP] and also set the trend for a few albums James would release within the decade that would go in a jazz direction.[SUP]
[14][/SUP] The album earned James her first in 1994. The following year, James published her autobiography co-written with David Ritz titled,
A Rage to Survive.[SUP]
[18][/SUP] The same year, James released a -inspired studio album,
Time After Time also produced with Jerry Wexler. In 1998, she released a holiday album,
Etta James Christmas, on Private Music.[SUP]
[14][/SUP]
To a younger generation, James is known for the song "", used in television commercials for and for 's . , and have also recorded the song. James's version was a Top 10 UK hit in 1996.[SUP]
[12][/SUP]
[h=2][] Modern era: from 2000[/h]James continued to record for Private Music into the new millennium, finding her next release to be
Matriarch of the Blues. It was given much praise from music articles and magazines, such as , which said, "A solid return to roots,
Matriarch of the Blues finds Etta James reclaiming her throne—and defying anyone to knock her off it."[SUP]
[18][/SUP] In 2001, she was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame and the . In 2003, she received a .[SUP]
[14][/SUP] Her next album the following year,
Blue Gardenia was another return to a jazz music style. That same year, she also released her third live album,
Burnin' Down the House: Live at the House of Blues, which was recorded at the House of Blues in . Two years later, she released her final album for Private Music,
, which won James another Grammy in 2005 for
.[SUP]
[20][/SUP]
In 2004, ranked her #62 on their list of the
100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[SUP]
[21][/SUP] James has performed at the top world jazz festivals in the world, such as the in 1977, 1989, 1990 and 1993,[SUP]
[22][/SUP] performed nine times at the legendary , and the five times. She also performs often at free city outdoor summer arts festivals throughout the US.
James was portrayed by R&B singer and actress in the 2008 film . The film is loosely based on the rise and fall of James' record label, Chess Records, and how producer Leonard Chess helped the career of James and her other counterparts at the label, although the film fails to reflect the fact that James was already a successful hit-recording artist before she joined Chess, and was not discovered by Leonard Chess as portrayed. In fact, James's songs performed worse on the charts after she joined Chess. Also, contrary to the impression created in the film, it is doubtful that James and Chess were lovers. Others portrayed in
Cadillac Records include , , , and .[SUP]
[23][/SUP]
At a concert on January 28, 2009, James expressed her displeasure with Knowles singing her song "At Last" at the first for Barack Obama on January 20, 2009, exclaiming that she "can't stand Beyoncé" and that Knowles would
"get her ass whipped".[SUP]
[24][/SUP] James later said that her remarks about Knowles were a joke, but was hurt that she was not invited to sing her song and that she could have performed it better.[SUP]
[25][/SUP]
On April 7, 2009, Etta James appeared on Dancing with the Stars as a guest performer, singing her classic hit from 1961 "At Last" at age 71. In Memphis, Tennessee on May 7, 2009, the Blues Foundation awarded Etta James the 2009 Soul/Blues Female Artist of the Year—making Etta a nine–time winner of this prestigious award.[SUP][][/SUP]
On December 2, 2011, Etta James performed on WorldPay US, Inc. Christmas party.
[h=2][] Style and influence[/h]James's musical style has changed during the course of her career. When beginning her recording career in the mid-50s, James was marketed as an R&B and singer.[SUP]
[14][/SUP] After signing with Chess Records in 1960, James broke through as a -styled singer, covering jazz and pop music standards on her debut album,
At Last![SUP]
[26][/SUP] James's voice has deepened and coarsened in the past ten years, moving her musical style in these later years into the genres of soul and jazz.[SUP]
[14][/SUP]
Etta James had once been considered one of the most overlooked blues and R&B musicians in American music history. It wasn't until the early 1990s when James began receiving major industry awards from the Grammys and the that she began to receive wide recognition. In recent years, she has been seen as bridging the gap between rhythm and blues and rock and roll. James has influenced a wide variety of American musicians including , , , , , ,[SUP]
[18][/SUP] and of [SUP][][/SUP] as well as British artists ,[SUP][][/SUP] , ,[SUP]
[27][/SUP] , ,[SUP]
[28][/SUP] [SUP]
[29][/SUP] and .[SUP]
[30][/SUP]
[h=2][] Personal life[/h]James encountered a string of legal problems during the early 1970s due to her heroin addiction. She was continuously in and out of rehabilitation centers, including the Tarzana Rehabilitation Center, in Los Angeles, California. Her husband Artis Mills, whom she married in 1969, accepted responsibility when they were both arrested for heroin possession and served a 10-year prison sentence.[SUP]
[31][/SUP] He was released from prison in 1982 and is still married to James.[SUP]
[18][/SUP] She was also arrested around the same time for her drug addiction, accused of cashing bad checks, forgery and possession of heroin.[SUP]
[32][/SUP] In 1974, James was sentenced to drug treatment instead of serving time in prison. She was in the Tarzana Psychiatric Hospital for 17 months, at age 35, and went through a great struggle at the start of treatment. She later stated in her autobiography that the time she spent in the hospital changed her life. However, after leaving treatment, her substance abuse continued into the 1980s, after she developed a relationship with a man who was also using drugs. In 1988, at the age of 50, she entered the , in , for treatment.[SUP]
[18][/SUP] In 2010, she received treatment for a dependency on painkillers.[SUP]
[33][/SUP]
Etta James was hospitalized in January 2010 to treat an infection caused by . During her hospitalization, her son Donto revealed that James was diagnosed with in 2009, and attributed her previous comments about to "drug induced ".[SUP]
[34][/SUP]
On January 14, 2011, it was announced that James had been diagnosed with and was undergoing treatment.[SUP]
[35][/SUP] In May 2011, she was hospitalized with a and the blood infection known as .[SUP]
[36][/SUP] On December 16, 2011, it was announced that she was under 24-hour care and is terminally ill from the cancer she has been battling throughout 2011.[SUP]
[37][/SUP] Her manager, Lupe De Leon, stated to the media that she is "in the final stages of leukemia", has been diagnosed with both and , has been placed on oxygen, is receiving constant care from her husband, and is being visited regularly by her sons. De Leon went on to say, "We're all very sad. We're just waiting..."[SUP]
[38][/SUP]
James has two sons, Donto and Sametto. Both started performing with their mother in 2003 – Donto on drums and Sametto on bass guitar.[SUP]
[39][/SUP]
[h=2][] Discography[/h]Main article:
[h=2][] Awards[/h]Since 1989, Etta James has received over 30 awards and recognitions from eight different organisations, including the , and the who organise the .
In 1989, the newly formed included James in their first Pioneer Awards for artists whose "lifelong contributions have been instrumental in the development of Rhythm & Blues music".[SUP]
[40][/SUP] The following year, 1990, she received an , which is given for "outstanding achievements and performances of people of color in the arts";[SUP]
[41][/SUP] an award she cherished as it "was coming from my own people".[SUP]
[42][/SUP]
- 1993,
- 2001,
- 2003, Hollywood Chamber of Commerce , star at 7080 Hollywood Blvd, and Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) Lifetime Achievement Award[SUP][43][/SUP]
- 2006, Billboard R&B Founders Award[SUP][44][/SUP]
Grammys Etta James has received six Grammy Awards. Her first was in 1994, when she was awarded Best Jazz Vocal Performance for the album
Mystery Lady, which consisted of covers of songs.[SUP]
[45][/SUP] Two other albums have also won awards, (Best Contemporary Blues Album) in 2003, and
Blues To The Bone (Best Traditional Blues Album) in 2004. Two of her early songs have been given for "qualitative or historical significance": "At Last", in 1999,[SUP]
[46][/SUP] and "" in 2008.[SUP]
[47][/SUP] In 2003, she was given the .[SUP]
[48][/SUP]
Blues Foundation The members of the , a non-profit organization set up in to foster the blues and its heritage,[SUP]
[49][/SUP] have nominated James for a nearly every year since its founding in 1980; and she has received some form of Blues Female Artist of the Year award 14 times since 1989, continuously from 1999 to 2007.[SUP]
[50][/SUP] In addition, the albums
Life, Love, & The Blues (1999),
Burnin' Down The House (2003), and
Let's Roll (2004) were awarded Soul/Blues Album of the Year,[SUP]
[50][/SUP] and in 2001 she was inducted into the .[SUP]
[45][/SUP]
